Review of European and Comparative Law, 2023, Vol. 54, No. 3

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12153/5944

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    Erosion of the Principle of Mutual Recognition. European Arrest Warrant and the Principle of Mutual Recognition in the Light of the Recent CJEU Rulings
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2023) Sakowicz, Andrzej
    An effective implementation of mutual recognition in the Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice requires mutual trust between the Member State. Mutual trust has been eroded in some Member States due to the rule of law crisis. However, it is not only the rule of law crisis, but also the departure of the Member States from the shared values of respect for fundamental rights, as well as the differences in the prosecutorial systems of individual Member States, that have caused changes in the perception of the principle of mutual recognition. This paper will examine the evolving approach to the principle of mutual recognition based on the recent Court of Justice of the European Union rulings on the European arrest warrant. The analysis concludes that the CJEU attaches more importance to the protection of the principle of mutual recognition, the prosecution of perpetrators of crime, and the unwavering presumption of respect for fundamental rights by the Member states than to the effective protection of fundamental rights.
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    EAW: Next Steps, Will Pandora’s Box Be Opened?
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2023) Glerum, Vincent; Kijlstra, Hans
    The authors advocate operational improvement of the European Arrest Warrant system. When applying the judi­cial cooperation instruments concerning criminal matters, more attention should be devoted to the requirements of proportion­ality, effective judicial protection, and coherence. The power to issue an EAW should be more circumscribed whereas executing authorities should be allowed more flexibility in the decision making process as far as the execution of an EAW is concerned. The authors conclude by sketching amendments to the legal and practical framework and the efforts required to implement them as well as by addressing the issue of political feasibility.
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    A Bottom-up Look at Mutual Trust and the Legal Practice of the Aranyosi Test
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2023) Peristeridou, Christina
    This contribution offers an insight into the legal prac­tice of the Aranyosi test during the EAW proceedings in seven Member States, an outcome of the research conducted during the ImprovEAW Project. Only the executing judicial authori­ties of some Member States do trigger the test. Member States are roughly differentiated between those having facilities with usually bad or usually good detention conditions, promoting antagonistic relationships instead of equal partnership. The lack of streamlining of the communication when supplementary information is requested, the lack of common standards and approach towards guarantees lead to further misunderstand­ings and frustration. The findings of this research have revealed the importance of departing from a pure legal understanding of mutual trust and follow a more empirical, experiential or bot­tom-up concept. Mutual trust is not only a legal concept, but it underpins the legal culture of the cooperation and collegial attitudes of authorities towards one another. This expression of mutual trust remains quite undiscovered: how is miscom­munication affecting mutual trust? Do judicial authorities of legal systems express collegiality to one another? How do cul­tural aspects and preconceived ideas regarding the quality of other legal systems influence mutual trust? Accordingly, some suggestions have been made to improve the cooperation and the establishment of rapport when supplementary information is requested. Finally, I advocate for a more neutral view towards the Aranyosi test. As opposed to considering it as a supervisory mechanism, I have explored the idea of approaching it as a risk management tool: it tackles risks created by mutual trust. Such approach helps both sides to take responsibility to avert ad hoc risks, instead of experiencing Aranyosi as a testing moment. Such approach centres the real problem, i.e. the risks created by mutual trust for individuals and it can stimulate more proactive policy-making in this regard.
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    A Double-Edged-Sword Approach to Fighting Pandemics: Patent Waivers and Incentives to Innovate
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2023) Kostka, Katarzyna; Kovač, Mitja
    Although continents recently experienced an apoc­alyptic pandemic that posed a mortal danger to millions of people, a new, even deadlier pandemic could soon emerge… The paper seeks to address the role played by patent waivers and current contractual arrangements in the pharmaceutical indus­try in addressing the dangers caused by the current and future pandemics. The process of waiving patents is explored where it is argued that it sadly cannot amount to the knight in shining armour that everyone has been expecting. Due to the lack of coordination, the tremendously long process, and the potential block in innovation arising from pharmaceutical companies having smaller incentives, more attention must be paid to other alternative institutional solutions. Drawing from the economics literature on innovation in the pharmaceutical sector, a concep­tual framework is proposed for improved legal intervention in the case of patent waivers in international intellectual property law instruments. In addition, the paper provides a comparative law and economics treatment of current patent waivers in US, EU, and international law instruments.
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    The Obligation to Report Cases of Child Sexual Abuse – Comparison of Legal Regulations in Poland, Austria, and the Federal Republic of Germany
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2023) Tuora-Schwierskott, Ewa; Bień-Węgłowska, Iwona
    The subject matter of this work constitutes the comparison of the legal regulations governing the obligation to report cases of child sexual abuse in Poland, Austria, and the Federal Republic of Germany. The authors have focused on the analysis of the method of reporting the crime of paedophilia, the legal and social consequences of the failure to notify of that kind of offence, and the differences in the legislative, administrative, social, and educational measures taken to protect a child’s welfare. Przedmiotem opracowania jest porównanie regulacji prawnych w zakresie obowiązku zgłoszenia przypadków wykorzystania seksualnego dzieci w Polsce, Austrii i Republice Federalnej Niemiec. Autorki skupiły się na analizie sposobu realizacji zgłoszenia przestępstwa pedofilii, konsekwencji prawnych i społecznych niezawiadomienia oraz na różnicach w podejmowanych działaniach ustawodawczych, administracyjnych, społecznych i wychowawczych służących ochronie dobra dziecka.
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    Mediation as Means of Communication for Public Administration in Settling Administrative Disputes
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2023) Kułak-Krzysiak, Katarzyna; Śwital, Paweł
    Nowadays solutions are sought for public adminis­tration to involve citisens in decision-making as one of the ways of promoting the development of civil society and thus to fos­ter democratic forms of government. Public administration is looking for efficient methods of resolving administrative dis­putes. Administrative mediation serving the purpose of ensur­ing proper communication between the parties to administra­tive proceedings is one of such methods. Mediation in public administration hinges upon the definition of communication rules. The aim of this paper is to define communication from the perspective of legal science and discuss its application in the administrative mediation proceedings. In this article, we discuss the essence, the subject matter and the object of medi­ation as well as the legal regulations governing the mediation procedure and consider the possibility of applying mediation to the administrative procedure, as exemplified by the related case law. The study has been conducted by means of the legal research methods, in particular the legal-dogmatic approach and the legal functionalism approach.
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    Translating and Interpreting the Letter of Rights
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2023) Klip, André
    This article focuses on the implementation of Directive 2012/13 on the Right to Information with reference to foreigners arrested in the Member State of the EU. In particular, the Author analyses whether foreigners provided with a Letter of Rights receive the same information despite their handicap of not understanding the language. Special attention is given to how the Netherlands and Poland deal with the Letter of Rights for foreigners. The picture that emerges concerning foreigners is that providing them with a Letter of Rights in their language is seriously handicapped in almost all aspects: the timing (availability), the linguistic quality, the accessibility and simplicity. This situation creates severe risks concerning the right to a fair trial for foreigners. They may not invoke rights because they do not know them. They may not come to their own trial because they did not understand.
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    Obtaining Evidence Protected by Banking Secrecy through European Investigation Order in Preparatory Proceedings. Remarks from the Polish Perspective
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2023) Smarzewski, Marek
    The subject matter of considerations undertaken in the paper is the issue of obtaining evidence entailing banking secrecy under the European Investigation Order at the stage of the preparatory proceedings from the Polish perspective. The examination of the described evidence activity is often necessary to make key findings, for example, in the field of the data on bank accounts or bank transactions. Actions taken in this regard may concern the monitoring of banking opera­tions and may also be used for establishing financial links be­tween entities operating in different European Union Member States. The procedure for applying the European Investigation Order generates many problems in the analysed scope, in par­ticular at the stage of the preparatory proceedings, starting from determining the authority competent to issue the European In­vestigation Order, to the need to consider legitimacy of obtain­ing the consent by the prosecutor to exempt from banking se­crecy in order to further request for the required information. Against the background of the issues presented in the article, an attempt was made to analyse the normative institution of the European Investigation Order, used for obtaining evidence covered by banking secrecy, and to show the model that deter­mines its optimal functioning in the face of existing problems in the application challenges related to the European cooperation in this area. Przedmiotem rozważań podjętych w artykule jest problematyka pozyskiwania dowodów objętych tajemnicą bankową w ramach europejskiego nakazu dochodzeniowego na etapie postępowania przygotowawczego z perspektywy polskiej. Przeprowadzenie opisywanej czynności dowodowej jest niejednokrotnie niezbędne dla dokonania kluczowych ustaleń, np. w zakresie danych dotyczących rachunków bankowych czy transakcji bankowych. Podejmowane w tym przedmiocie działania mogą sprowadzać się do monitorowania operacji bankowych, służyć do ustalania powiązań finansowych pomiędzy podmiotami, działającymi na terenie różnych państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej. Procedura stosowania europejskiego nakazu dochodzeniowego generuje wiele problemów w analizowanym zakresie, w szczególności na etapie postępowania przygotowawczego, już począwszy od określenia organu właściwego do wydania europejskiego nakazu dochodzeniowego, po potrzebę rozważenia zasadności uzyskania przez prokuratora zgody na zwolnienie z tajemnicy bankowej celem dalszego wystąpienia o wymagane informacji. Na tle zagadnień przedstawianych w artykule podjęto próbę analizy normatywnej instytucji europejskiego nakazu dochodzeniowego, służącej pozyskiwaniu dowodów objętych tajemnicą bankową i ukazania modelu warunkującego jej optymalne funkcjonowanie wobec występujących problemów w stosowaniu i wyzwań związanych ze współpracą europejską w tym obszarze.
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    Gloss on the Judgement of the Polish Supreme Court of 2 June 2022, I KZP 17/21
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2023) Kosowski, Jakub
    The article discusses the decision of the Polish Su­preme Court of 2 June 2022, I KZP 17/21. The ruling of the Su­preme Court was issued based on a legal question submitted by a common court in relation to the European Investigation Or­der (EIO). The Author refers to the ruling by discussing broadly both the issues of the legal question and the authority issuing the European Investigation Order within the framework of pre-trial proceedings. Of paramount importance are the characteristics of the subjective sphere, i.e. the authority empowered to issue a European Investigation Order from the point of view of legally protected confidential information, in particular bank secrecy constituting the subject matter that served the basis for the ruling of the Supreme Court being commented herein. Artykuł odnosi się do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 2 czerwca 2022 r., I KZP 17/21. Orzeczenie Sądu Najwyższego wydano na kanwie pytania prawnego skierowanego przez sąd powszechny a odnoszącego się do europejskiego nakazu dochodzeniowego (END). Autor odnosi się do przedmiotowego rozstrzygnięcia szeroko omawiając zarówno zagadnienia pytania prawnego, jak i zagadnienie organu wydającego europejski nakaz dochodzeniowy w postępowaniu przygotowawczym. Niebagatelne znaczenie ma charakterystyka sfery podmiotowej, tj. organu uprawnionego do wydania europejskiego nakazu aresztowania z perspektywy tajemnic chronionych prawem, w szczególności tajemnicy bankowej, której dotyczy stan faktyczny będący przyczynkiem do wydania glosowanego postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego.
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    Verification in the Issuing State of Evidence Obtained on the Basis of the European Investigation Order
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2023) Steinborn, Sławomir; Świeczkowski, Dawid
    The aim of this article is to address the issue of the ex­tent of incorporation and verification of evidence for purpose of the criminal trial as the evidence base for the judgement, namely the evidence that is obtained on the basis of the Euro­pean Investigation Order, including the evidence obtained in various forms that may raise doubts in terms of the protection of individual rights. The authors would like to focus on the analysis from the perspective of the Directive 2014/41/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on the European Investigation Order in criminal matters and Polish legislation, and consider what kind of possibilities the issuing state’s authorities have to verify admissibility of evidence, especially the way in which the evidence is obtained when it has not been produced upon request but only delivered since it has already been in possession of the executing state’s authorities.
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    Detention Pending Execution of the European Arrest Warrant – Dutch and Polish Experience. Some Reflection from the Human Rights Perspective
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2023) Glerum, Vincent; Wąsek-Wiaderek, Małgorzata
    This article focuses on detention pending surrender, i.e. detention of the requested person in the executing Mem­ber State on the basis of the European Arrest Warrant (EAW). It defines the scope of application of Article 5 of the Euro­pean Convention on Human Rights to such detention and anal­yses the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union on time limits of keeping the requested person in detention in the executing MS as well as on the notion of “the execut­ing judicial authority” entitled to decide on detention pending surrender. Both issues are explored with reference to national law and practice of the Netherlands and Poland. The article pro­vides the answer to the question whether national provisions which limit the duration of detention pending surrender prop­erly reflect the normative content of the framework decision on the EAW. The answer to this question is given with due regard to the standard of protection of the requested person stemming from Article 5 § 1 ECHR and Article 6 of the Charter of Funda­mental Rights. Furthermore, the analyses focus on Dutch and Polish provisions concerning the authority entitled to decide on detention pending surrender and their compliance with the CJEU’s jurisprudence on the notion of “the executing ju­dicial authority.” Recognising that detention is the basic meas­ure for ensuring the effectiveness of surrender, we try to define the limits of its use in the EAW procedure, stemming from the requirements of protection of human rights.