Review of European and Comparative Law
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The Review of European and Comparative Law (od 1988 do 2018 r. jako The Review of Comparative Law; ISSN 0860-8156) ukazuje się jako czasopismo publikujące w języku angielskim artykuły autorów polskich i zagranicznych.
Review służy jako forum wymiany poglądów w szerszym, międzynarodowym kontekście. Dzięki niemu istnieje również możliwość prezentowania polskiego jurydycznego dorobku naukowego za granicą. Zgodnie z nazwą periodyku, zamysłem redaktorów jest chęć prezentowania instytucji prawnych w perspektywie europejskiej i komparatystycznej.
(English) Review of European and Comparative Law (from 1988 to 2018 as The Review of Comparative Law; ISSN 0860-8156) is a journal publishing articles by Polish and foreign authors, in English. The main purposes of Review of European and Comparative Law:
- to create a forum for exchanging views in a broader international context;
- to present Polish juridical scientific achievements abroad;
- to present legal institutions in a European and comparative perspective.
EDITORIAL TEAM:
Editor in chief:
Andrzej HERBET (Faculty of Law, Canon Law and Administration, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland)
Members of the editorial board:
Marcin BURZEC (Faculty of Law, Canon Law and Administration, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland)
Małgorzata GANCZAR (Faculty of Law, Canon Law and Administration, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland)
Luigi Mariano GUZZO (Università "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Italy)
Milena KLOCZKOWSKA (Faculty of Law, Canon Law and Administration, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland)
Katarzyna MIASKOWSKA-DASZKIEWICZ (Faculty of Law, Canon Law and Administration, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland)
Soraya RODRIGUEZ LOSADA (University of Vigo, Spain)
Robert TABASZEWSKI (Faculty of Law, Canon Law and Administration, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland)
Jacek TRZEWIK (Faculty of Law, Canon Law and Administration, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland)
SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL:
Prof. Gabriel Bocksang Hola (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Republic of Chile)
Prof. Paolo Carozza (Notre Dame Law School, USA)
Ks. Prof. dr hab. Antoni Dębiński (The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland)
Prof. Xiangshun Ding (Renmin Law School, University of China, China)
Prof. Dr. Tamás M. Horváth (University of Debrecen, Hungary)
Prof. Miomira Kostić (University of Niš, Republic of Serbia)
Prof. Alfonso Martínez-Echevarría y García de Dueñas (University CEU San Pablo, Spain)
Prof. Carmen Parra Rodriguez (University Abat Oliba CEU, Spain)
Prof. Christoph U. Schmid (University of Bremen, Germany)
Prof. Gianluca Selicato (University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy)
Prof. dr. Stanka Setnikar-Cankar (Dean of the Faculty of Administration, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia)
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Reinhard Zimmermann (Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht Hamburg, Germany)
e-ISSN: 2545-384X
DOI: 10.31743/recl
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Contact:
Review of European and Comparative Law
The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
Al. Racławickie 14, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
Główna osoba do kontaktu:
Joanna Korczyńska-Kulgawiuk - review@kul.pl
tel. 81 461 11 12
Review of European and Comparative Law
The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
Al. Racławickie 14, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
Główna osoba do kontaktu:
Joanna Korczyńska-Kulgawiuk - review@kul.pl
tel. 81 461 11 12
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- ItemAxiological paradigm of social inclusion intensification - selected remarks(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Małecka-Łyszczek, Magdalena Iwona; Mędrzycki, RadosławThe following paper investigates the values building the axiological paradigm of social inclusion intensification using the legal doctrine. The analysis is set within the Polish legal system, which is part of the international and EU law established for the maintenance of social cohesion. On the one hand, the Polish solutions not only stem from the European civilization heritage, but also create and reinforce it. The individual sections of the paper provide an analysis of such inclusive values as dignity, freedom, equality, common good and social solidarity which are assumed to be the basis for all inclusive actions performed within civil societies in democratic states based on the rule of law. The analysis also considers a possible hierarchy of those values and how they affect each other. While the inclusive values themselves appear to be universal, their relations and influence on each other (possibly: hierarchy) is strictly dependent on the national legislation. The research has shown the way in which the investigated values/principles coexist. Human dignity has been found to be the fundamental and supreme value of the Polish legal system, while social solidarity supports social cohesion. It is not possible to artificially separate those values – only when they intertwine, complete and enhance each other can the inclusive actions be designed and executed in the most advantageous manner. Therefore, values and rules which bear them form a praxeological system; they must be interpreted only within the context of their coexistence, relations and the influence they have on one another. Each of the discussed values takes part in the establishment of the resources shared by a democratic state and by the internal structures of the civil society existing within this state’s bounds. Only by taking them all into consideration can we provide an adequate and comprehensive understanding of inclusivity and achieve its desired model.
- ItemClimate Change Impact On The Human Right To Environmental Conditions Of A Specified Quality (safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment): Some International Environmental Law Issues(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Sushyk, Olha; Shompol, OlenaThis article discusses recognition between climate change and human rights at the international level. The analysis shows that despite the UN climate change framework does not adequately address the magnitude of the threat posed by climate change related harm to human rights, domestic, regional or international courts must take account of its provisions in deciding cases. The article argues that the causes for climate cases are diverse, whereby the most often ones are those referring to the competent public authority’s failure to fulfil its obligation to regulate limitations of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Further identify the links between human rights and environmental protection, were apparent at least from the first international conference on the human environment, held in Stockholm in 1972. More broadly, it demonstrates international environmental agreements, were some aspects of the right to environmental conditions of a specified quality are identify. This article discusses also theoretical issues of individual environmental rights and the right to environmental safety in Ukraine.
- ItemCommunitarian And Intergovernmental Dimension Of EU Visa Law(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Cesarz, MaciejThis article explores the development of EU visa policy with special emphasis put on legal and institutional dimensions. Basing on a formal analysis of primary and secondary law of the European Union and literature on the subject, it claims that intergovernmental roots of common visa policy strongly affect the current structure of EU regulations on visas. The research is focused on the formal development in this area of integration with particular attention paid to the intergovernmental dimension which is still present in the framework of the Schengen visa regime. Visa facilitation agreements as part of EU visa law as well as political determinants of common visa policy are also examined. The article concludes that visa issuing still remains a complex matter, characterized by dispersion of visa acquis due to separate provisions that still remain in force and which presents a mix of hard and soft law. Since the Member States have retained the right to issue national, long-term visas and the national practice of issuing uniform visas remains varied, European integration in the area of visas is still incomplete.
- ItemCooperation Between Institutions of the European Union and Its Member States in the Creation of Climate Protection Policy(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Świat, Piotr; Bukowska, JoannaThe climate policy is a complex area of cooperation between Member States and the European Union institutions. The ambitious goals that the EU sets for itself in this matter are not always possible to be met by all Member States, hence the ability to work out compromise solutions is of great importance. Member States have various internal conditions, which determine the objectives of their economic and energy policies, therefore they do not always have convergent interests in this area. The decision-making centre where the EU climate protection policy is created is: the European Council, where key elements of this policy are agreed (such as reduction targets), and the so called an ‘institutional triangle’, i.e. the EU Council, European Parliament and European Commission which are directly involved in the legislative process. This configuration is a platform where cooperation of the Member States manifests itself in various forms and intensity and where those countries may attempt to force their interests in the process of creating the EU policy. The article presents the legal bases of the European Union’s competences in the field of the climate policy and the role of the EU institutions in its creation with particular focus on mechanisms that allow Member States to influence the shape of that policy.
- ItemCoping With Neo-Nomadic Mobility: Frontex’s Agent Power In The EU’s Extended Borderland(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Gruszczak, ArturMigration movements to Europe, triggered by dramatic political and social developments in North Africa and the Middle East, have contributed to a decrease in the level of security in the European Union and to the crisis of this organization. This article addresses the issue of migration in the context of the phenomenon of neo-nomadism and its effects on the policies of the member states of the European Union, as well as its institutions and agencies. The consequences of neo-nomadism are analyzed in regard to the EU’s "extended borderland" on the example of the activities of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) in the Central Mediterranean. Frontex’s joint operations "Triton" and "Themis" serve as a useful frame of reference in examining this agency’s "agent power" expressed in activities concerning migratory movements in the EU's "extended borderland". The hypothesis developed in this article holds that the dynamics of mobility resulting from the specific features of neo-nomadism activates the "agent power" of entities involved in mobility and border management in two forms: inclusionary, for humanitarian reasons, and exclusionary, for the sake of security. As an agency responsible for supporting the management of the EU's external borders and implementing return policy, Frontex has concentrated its agent power on securing territory, borders and population at the expense of humanitarian search-and-rescue operations. Joint operations "Triton" and "Themis" have clearly highlighted the trend towards an exclusionary approach to migrants. Post-functionalism referring to the original conceptualisation put forward by Hooghe and Marx is the theoretical frame adopted in the present study. The research method is qualitative, based on desk research including the analysis and interpretation of primary and secondary sources.
- ItemEU-Japan Agreements: Content, Context and Implications(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Kuźnar, Andżelika; Menkes, Jerzy BrunonW artykule analizowane są zawarte umowy UE z Japonią: Umowa o Partnerstwie Gospodarczym (EPA) i Umowa o Partnerstwie Strategicznym (SPA) i umowa negocjowana: Umowa o ochronie inwestycji. EPA liberalizuje handel towarami i usługami. Ustanawiając ramy prawne partnerstwa strategicznego, umowa o partnerstwie gospodarczym ułatwia współpracę w obliczu wspólnych wyzwań. IPA będzie regulować standardy ochrony inwestycji i rozstrzygania sporów. Analiza obejmuje: - treść umów; - społeczno-gospodarczy i polityczny potencjał stron; - zdolność prawną UE do negocjowania i zawierania umów z Japonią oraz jej kompetencje, wyłączne lub dzielone, w obszarze umów; - znaczenie umów dla ich stron i innych aktorów międzynarodowych, jak również dla stosunków regionalnych, transregionalnych i globalnych. Sformułowana jest teza, że w świecie, w którym wzrasta niestabilność i zmniejsza się bezpieczeństwo, strony wywiązują się ze spoczywającego na nich, jako na wielkich mocarstwach, obowiązku ponoszenia szczególnej odpowiedzialności za wdrażanie reprezentowanych wartości. Umowy potwierdzają wspólnotę wartości, na których są osadzone i stwarzają warunki do ich wzmocnienia. Artykuł składa się z pięciu części. Najpierw analizowany jest przedmiot umów (część I: Co?), następnie strony (część II: Kto?) oraz powody zawarcia (część III: Jak (modus operandi) i dlaczego (w ten sposób). W części IV (Waga umów) wskazano znaczenie umów dla stron i społeczności międzynarodowej, w części V (Umowy w pryzmacie stosunków wielostronnych) skoncentrowano się na umowach postrzeganych z perspektywy zewnętrznej. W konkluzjach stwierdzono, że umowy instytucjonalizują wspólnotę bezpieczeństwa UE-Japonia most łączący dwa brzegi Pacyfiku, w którym komponent dotyczący polityki bezpieczeństwa i obrony jest nadal stosunkowo słaby, ale rozwijany. Umowy zacieśniające więzi polityczne i gospodarcze między UE a Japonią otwierają drogę do stworzenia wspólnoty bezpieczeństwa UE z "demokratycznymi diamentami" Azji i Pacyfiku.
- ItemExtreme Material Poverty As A Negative Prerequisite For The Transfer Of An Applicant For International Protection To The Competent Member State And For The Rejection Of An Application For The Grant Of Refugee Status As Being Inadmissible(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Wróbel, IzabelaThe essential measures for a common European asylum system adopted by the EU institutions include the Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 and the Directive 2013/32/EU. These acts relate to the various stages of the functioning of the common European asylum system, however, there may be a risk of a violation of the fundamental rights of applicants as set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, including the prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment (Article 4 of the Charter), at both stages. Such a risk may arise as a result of deficiencies in asylum systems of the Member States. If these deficiencies are to fall within the scope of Article 4 of the Charter, they must attain a particularly high level of severity, which depends on all the circumstances of the case. An example of attaining this particularly high level of severity is the situation of extreme material poverty. As acts of the EU asylum law do not contain the terms “particularly high level of severity” and “extreme material poverty” and all the more they do not define them, guidelines on how to interpret and apply Article 4 of the Charter in the context of the common European asylum system should be sought in the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU. Therefore, the aim of the article is to explore and attempt to generalise and develop the basis and the criteria indicated by the CJEU for assessing the actual nature of deficiencies in the asylum system of the Member State in question from the point of view of the prohibition laid down in Article 4 of the Charter, with particular emphasis on the criterion of a particularly high level of severity and the situation of extreme material poverty which meets this criterion.
- ItemImplementation of The Paris Agreement In Poland. Theory And Practice(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Radecka, Ewa; Nawrot, FilipThe main aim of this paper is to describe the legal instruments of climate protection in Poland. This issue is significant, because for several decades, climate changes and climate protection have been the object of legal regulation, both international, European and domestic. The conducted analysis concerns three main legal acts: the Act of 27 April 2001 – Environmental Protection Law, the Act of 9 June 2011 – the Geological and Mining Law as regards CCS, and the Act of 20 February 2015 on Renewable energy (including, to a certain extent, regulations of the Act of 20 May 2016 on Investments in wind power plants). The paper closes with evaluation of present regulations and formulation of de lege ferenda proposals.
- ItemInstrumental Offence In Spanish Criminal Code: Problems Of Legitimacy?(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Cruz Palmera, Roberto JoséPresento una nueva categoría de normas penales que llamo "delitos instrumentales". Es una anticipación a través de la cual el legislador español castiga la preparación de un delito que incrimina objetos o procesos para cometer un delito con el fin de prevenir nuevas formas de delito. Sin embargo, esta decisión es ilegítima porque es incompatible con los principios constitucionales. En ese sentido, para mantener estas normas penales en el código se requerirá una interpretación que se ajuste a los principios básicos del derecho penal.
- ItemIs Restorative Justice An Appropriate Legal Remediation For Sexual Violence?(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Kazić, Ena; Ćorović, RialdaThis paper questions applicability of restorative justice in cases of sexual violence. Specific nature and serious consequences of sexual violence are the reason why this question has appeared. In order to find out the answer, the authors have presented the characteristics, mechanisms and nature of restorative justice, concurrently offering the comparison of arguments in favor of and against the applicability of restorative justice in this particularly sensitive type of criminal offences. Together with the review of diverse theoretical approaches to this matter, the authors have tested the applicability of restorative justice in cases of sexual violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this paper normative, comparative and historical scientific methods have been used.
- ItemLegal Determinants For Animal Slaughtering With Particular Focus On Ritual Slaughter Under Polish And Estonian Legislation(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Spasowska-Czarny, HannaTzw. ubój rytualny należy do podstawowych zasad religijnych wyznawców judaizmu oraz islamu. Istotnym wymiarem wolności religijnej jest swoboda wypełniania aktów modlitewnych i kultycznych w wymiarze prywatnym i publicznym. A więc, jest to także składanie ofiar i pozyskiwanie mięsa zgodnie z tradycją, co w przypadku wyznawców judaizmu (szchita) i islamu (halal) wiąże się z praktyką uboju rytualnego. W państwach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej od 1 stycznia 2013 r. obowiązuje rozporządzenie Rady (WE) nr 1099/2009 z 24 września 2009 r. w sprawie ochrony zwierząt podczas uśmiercania. Na jego podstawie zwierzęta mają być uśmiercane wyłącznie po uprzednim ogłuszeniu, zgodnie z metodami i szczegółowymi wymogami związanymi ze stosowaniem tych metod określonych w załączniku nr 1. Analiza przepisów prawa międzynarodowego wskazuje, że choć prawo międzynarodowe zezwala na swobodne praktykowanie kultu religijnego i związanych z nim obrzędów, to ustawodawca krajowy samodzielnie i indywidualnie reguluje treść tego prawa przy uwzględnieniu panujących w danym państwie obyczajów, zasad i wartości, a także ustawodawstwa mającego na celu ochronę zwierząt.
- ItemLegal Issues Related To The Flight Of Peasants In Old Poland (14th-19th Century)(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Konarski, Marcin JerzyW świetle dawnego prawa polskiego stojącego na gruncie systemu norm niewoli chłopskiej rozumianej jako instytucja prawna, zbiegostwo chłopów posiadało kwalifikację czynu nielegalnego, który zagrożony był różnorodnymi sankcjami prawnymi. Przyczynami zbiegostwa była zazwyczaj chęć poprawy warunków egzystencji. Kierunkiem jaki obierali zbiegowie była inna wieś (inny majątek ziemski), miasto (prywatne lub królewskie) lub nawet chłopi uchodzili poza granice państwa. Niniejsza analiza zwraca uwagę na najważniejsze problemy prawne związane ze zbiegostwem chłopów w dawnej Polsce dotyczące źródeł prawa w zakresie zbiegostwa chłopów, sposobów dochodzenia na drodze sądowej do wydania zbiega, rodzajów sankcji za zbiegostwo, oraz innych niż zbiegostwo form opuszczania przez chłopów majątku pańskiego.
- ItemMinimum standards in the European Account Preservation Order(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Golak, Mateusz Wiktorhe article is devoted to minimum standards in the new procedural instrument - the European Account Preservation Order. The main purpose of the preservation proceeding is to grant an interim order of creditor’s claim on debtor assets, without overburdening his property. Due to the complicated procedure established by Regulation (EU) No 655/2014, the European Account Preservation Order should serve as an additional and optional measure for the creditor, the examination of the minimum standards is essential. The Author indicates the relation between above-mentioned regulation and other regulations and gives explanation why this instrument is another symptom of the new EU legislator's approach to cross-border civil matters. Since the debtor is a person whose interests are most affected by the preservation on the bank account, it is necessary to specify his rights and obligations in this proceedings.
- ItemMortgage in international private law(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Widło, JacekThe article discusses the law applicable to the determination of a property-secured right – i.e. a mortgage. Major reflections are preceded by the legal analysis of a mortgage, the concept of the Eurohypothec and the European Land Information Service – EULIS. What follows is a short review of mortgage regulations in selected legal systems (e.g. the French and German systems). The core of the article focuses on the rules for the search of the law applicable to a mortgage and related scope. The change of law governing mortgages (property), e.g. as a result of the change of borders, including a hostile incorporation (annexation), is also discussed.
- ItemPositive Silence To The Removal Of Trees – An Analysis Of A Legal Institution(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Haładyj, Anna; Kułak-Krzysiak, KatarzynaThe authorisation for removing trees constituting a common nature protection instrument was supplemented in 2017 by the obligation to notify the intention to remove trees. The right to notify and object to the intention of tree removal corresponds conceptually to the model of positive silence provided for in the amended Code of Administrative Procedure as one of the ways of administrative silence. Our objective is to analyse procedural solutions and the substantive institution of environmental protection law which consists in a notification from the point of view of assessing the correctness of its application when considering law science and administrative proceedings.
- ItemRegulation (EU) 2017/2226 Of The European Parliament And Of The Council Of 30 November 2017 Establishing An Entry/Exit System (EES) Versus Data Protection – Is It Done In The Right Way?(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Wojnowska-Radzińska, JuliaThe purpose of this paper is to explore whether the processing of personal data under Regulation 2017/226 is compatible with the principle of proportionality in the light of Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU and the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The Regulation 2017/2226 provides the EES system which is the only system that collects the entry/exit data of all third-country nationals entering the Schengen area for a short stay, whether via a land, sea or air border. The EES replaces the current system of manual stamping of passports.
- ItemRole of the Sub-Municipal Government in Croatia – Learning from a Positive Experience(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Vukojičić Tomić, Tijana; Manojlović Toman, RomeaSub-municipal government is an instrument that complements traditional forms of citizen participation and as such contributes to the democratization of the decision-making process on local interests. The main task of sub-municipal government in Croatia is to serve as the consultation and communication mechanism within local units, allowing alternative representation of small communities’ interest, parallel with local councils. However, sub-municipal government has a rather weak position in terms of autonomy, financing, low transparency, size and other. Nevertheless, examples of some Croatian cities demonstrate the democratization potential of sub-municipal government. In this paper, a survey has been conducted in the city of Rijeka (third biggest in Croatia) with questionnaire being send to all of its sub-municipal units. The goal of the survey was to assess which roles sub-municipal units have. The results have shown that the role of sub-municipal local units as activators of local activities is the most developed one. The results are then used to provide guidance for further improvement of sub-municipal system in Croatia.
- ItemSimple Joint-Stock Company – A New Type of Polish Commercial Company Dedicated (Mostly) to New-Technology Entities(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Zdanikowski, Paweł MarcinThis article presents a new Polish regulation concerning the simple joint-stock company (Polish: prosta spółka akcyjna; SJSC). It is a legal form of commercial company, dedicated mostly (but not exclusively) to new-technology entities. Its main advantage is the possibility to subscribe shares in exchange for a contribution in the form of work or services provided to the company. This will make it possible for SJSC promoters to attract investors in order to run the enterprise, while maintaining control over the company and excluding personal liability for its obligations. Another characteristic is that the SJSC has no share capital. Even so, the degree of actual protection of company's creditors does not seem lower than that provided by companies supplied with a share capital. This is because the creditors’ interests are secured not only by the obligation to conduct the solvency test before paying out funds to a shareholder, but also by restrictive rules of responsibility of management board members for company's liabilities if the enforcement carried out against the company proves ineffective.
- ItemThe Directive 2016/97 On Insurance Distribution (IDD) And Private International Law(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Fras, MariuszClear normative grounds for the information obligation are visible in the Directive (EU) 2016/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 January 2016 on insurance distribution (hereinafter: IDD). One of the challenges before insurance law is to answer the question whether and how one should sanction violations of disclosure obligations resulting in the absence of the desired insurance protection. In this aspect important legal problem is law applicable to the assessment of liability for violation of disclosure obligations by the insurer. The second important problem is law applicable to the assessment of liability for violation of disclosure obligations by third parties vis-a-vis the insurer. Some remarks concerning jurisdiction in matters relating to the loss of chance to become insured, have different practical implications.
- ItemThe Legal Instruments Of Protection Of The Environment In A Spa Commune On Poland(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019) Woźniak, MartaThe author has undertaken to classify the legal instruments of environmental protection of a health resort municipality (a spa commune) in Poland, regarding the aspect of their impacting the state of protection of the natural environment. A spa commune has at its disposal a catalogue of its own tasks, which is complemented by those connected with maintaining medicinal functions of the spa and with meeting the requirements of the environment. The analysis of the content of regulations of law on environmental protection allows the conclusion that in relation to spas there are no – in principle – separate legal norms which regulate questions connected with the protection of the environment. While identifying the legal instruments of environmental protection, it was necessary to take into account a few normative areas, on the basis of which the following groups of instruments were distinguished: regulatory and “police” type, planning, and control and financial. In the study, some selected legal and comparative aspects were also taken into consideration.