Browsing by Author "Skrzypek, Tomasz"

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    Gradual disapperance of vacuolated enterocytes in the small intestine of neonatal piglets
    (Kraków: Polish Physiological Society, 2007) Skrzypek, Tomasz; Valverde Piedra, Jose Luis; Skrzypek, Henryk; Kazimierczak, Waldemar; Biernat, Marzena; Zabielski, Romuald
    The unique feature of enterocytes in newborn mammals is the presence of an apical canalicular system (ACS) leading to production of large vacuoles, important for colostral macromolecule uptake. The vacuolated fetal-type enterocytes (VFE) enable transfer of colostral and milk proteins from the intestinal lumen across the epithelium without loosing their biological activity. First VFE are observed in the pig and lamb fetuses in the second trimester of pregnancy, located at the upper part of villi in the proximal region of the fetal small intestine and subsequently in the middle and distal regions. After birth the VFE are replaced with enterocytes lacking ACS. The present study aimed to investigate the depletion of VFE in the small intestine in the sow reared pig neonates during the first postnatal weeks using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM analysis demonstrated the gradual disappearance of vacuolated enterocytes in time. VFE remained in the jejunum for a few days after birth, whereas in the duodenum single VFE were present only at birth. In the proximal jejunum, the VFE were localized in the upper part of the villi, and disappeared until the day 3 of life. VFE were present in the mid and distal jejunum, and diminished gradually until day 14 of life. By the day 21 of life, the vacuolated cells were not observed neither in the jejunum nor ileum. In conclusion, morphology analysis of pig small intestinal mucosa suggests that replacement of fetal type vacuolated enterocytes is resumed within 21 days after birth.
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    Mechanisms involved in the development of the small intestine mucosal layer in postnatal piglets
    (Kraków: Polish Physiological Society, 2018) Skrzypek, Tomasz; Kazimierczak, Waldemar; Skrzypek, Henryk; Valverde Piedra, Jose Luis; Godlewski, Michał; Zabielski, Romuald
    The use of complementary visualization and measurement techniques allowed accurate description and quantification of changes in the intestinal mucosal architecture and provided a comprehensive outlook on the dynamics of remodeling and maturation processes of the mucosal layer taking place in the small intestine of piglets from birth to weaning. The aim of the study was to examine the early postnatal development of the small intestine in pigs. Three techniques were used: scanning electron microscopy (measurements ofvillus density and shape, height ofenterocytes and microvilli, cell exfoliation, and location of extrusion zones), optical microscopy (cross section, measurement of structures: villus length and width; crypt depth; mucosal thickness), and confocal microscopy (cell localization, apoptosis, exfoliation and migration). The postnatal development ofthe mucosal layer ofthe small intestine was reflected in changes in the density, length, width, and shape of villi, crypt depth, replacement of enterocyte population, and arrangement. The presence of deep transverse furrows on villus corpus and vacuolated fetal-type enterocytes in the mucosal layer of the small intestine, which are able to engulf large amounts of colostrum shortly after birth, appears to play an important role in the observed phenomenon of straightening of the villus height and increasing of the villus diameter shortly after birth. We hypothesized that the intestinal mucosal layer is compressed before birth and ready to unfold within a short time after birth.
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    Microsporidia Nosema spp. – obligate bee parasites are transmitted by air
    (Nature Research, 2019-10-07) Sulborska, Aneta; Horecka, Beata; Cebrat, Małgorzata; Kowalczyk, Marek; Skrzypek, Tomasz; Kazimierczak, Waldemar; Trytek, Mariusz; Borsuk, Grzegorz
    Microsporidia Nosema are transferred among bees via the faecal-oral route. Nosema spp. spores have been detected on fowers and transferred to hives along with the bee pollen. The aim of the present study was to determine whether Nosema microsporidia are transferred by air in an apiary, in a control area (without the presence of bee colonies), and/or in a laboratory during cage experiments with artifcially infected bees. The novel way of transmission by air was investigated by the volumetric method using a Hirst-type aerobiological sampler located on the ground in the apiary, in the Botanical Garden and on the laboratory foor. Concurrently, the mean rate of Nosema infections in the foragers in the apiary was estimated with the Bürker haemocytometer method. Spore-trapping tapes were imaged by means of light microscopy, nomarski interference contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. the highest concentration of Nosema spores per 1m3 of air (4.65) was recorded in August, while the lowest concentration (2.89) was noted in July. This was confrmed by a Real-Time PCR analysis. the presence of N. apis as well as N. ceranae was detected in each of the tested tapes from the apiary. the average copy number of N. apis was estimated at 14.4 × 104 copies per 1 cm2 of the tape; whereas the number of N. ceranae was 2.24 × 104 copies per tape per 1 cm2. the results indicate that Nosema microsporidia were transferred by the wind in the apiary, but not in the Botanical Garden and laboratory by air. This was confrmed by genetic analyses. DNA from immobilised biological material was isolated and subjected to a pcR to detect the Nosema species. A fragment of the 16S rRNA gene, characteristic of Nosema apis and N. ceranae, was detected. our research adds knowledge about the transfer of Nosema spp. microsporidia in the natural environment and indicates the season associated with the greatest risk of a bee colony infection with Nosema spp.
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    Steinernema poinari (Nematoda: Steinernematidae): a new symbiotic host of entomopathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus bovienii
    (Springer, 2018-06-19) Sajnaga, Ewa; Kazimierczak, Waldemar; Skowronek, Marcin; Lis, Magdalena; Skrzypek, Tomasz; Waśko, Adam
    Three strains of symbiotic bacteria were isolated from an entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema poinari retrieved from soil in eastern Poland. Using 16S rDNA, recA, gltX, gyrB, and dnaN gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis, these strains were shown to belong to the species Xenorhabdus bovienii. The nucleotide identity between the studied S. poinari microsymbionts and other X. bovienii strains calculated for 16S rDNA and concatenated sequences of four protein-coding genes was 98.7–100% and 97.9–99.5%, respectively. The phenotypic properties of the isolates also supported their close phylogenetic relationship with X. bovienii. All three tested X. bovienii strains of diffrent Steinernema clade origin supported the recovery of infective juveniles and subsequent development of the nematode population. However, the colonization degree of new infective juvenile generations was signifiantly affcted by the bacterial host donor/recipient. The colonization degree of infective juveniles reared on bacterial symbionts deriving from a non-cognate clade of nematodes was extremely low, but proved the possible host-switching between non-related Steinernema species.
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    The contribution of vacuolated foetal-type enterocytes in the process of maturation of the small intestine in piglets
    (Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 2018-08-27) Skrzypek, Tomasz; Szymańczyk, Sylwia; Ferenc, Karolina; Kazimierczak, Waldemar; Szczepaniak, Klaudiusz; Zabielski, Romuald
    In neonates the vacuolated foetal-type enterocytes (VFE) play a key role in the transport of intact colostral and milk proteins from the lumen of the small intestine into the circulation and/or in the intracellular digestion of intestinal nutrients. The absorption of intact colostral macromolecules (including immunoglobulins, hormones and bioactive peptides) is important in the development of the immune and digestive systems of newborn piglets. The digestion of the intestinal content inside the VFE supports the luminal digestion of nutrients. The presence of apical canalicular system, which produces both the transport and the digestive vacuoles, is a key feature of VFE. The VFEs are gradually replaced by adult-type enterocytes. VFEs disappear gradually from the proximal part of the small intestine to the ileum. VFEs containing large (also referred to as giant) transport vacuoles disappear within the first 2–3 days after birth. VFEs containing digestive vacuoles are present for up to week 3 of life. In contrast, VFEs of intrauterine growth retarded piglets show abnormalities in their development of the apical area. The loss of VFEs is a good marker of the small intestine epithelium maturation.